Partitioning does not affect the hard drive's access speed.
More detailed answer:
Mechanical hard drives (as opposed to Solid State) are fastest at the beginning (outer tracks) and slowest at the end (inner tracks). The first tracks are usually ~2x as fast as the inner tracks. People who own servers sometimes partition their drives in half, then use only the first partition - this forces the hard drive to always be in it's upper speed range.
So if you partition, earlier partitions will be faster than later partitions. But you haven't changed the speed of the hard drive at all - you're only mapping to different speed zones that were already present.