hello all,
i am very new to the mac thing. my friend recently donated his troubled 800mhz 1st gen emac to me and i have been giving myself a crash course (literally) in non pc computerland. i was wondering if anyone could help with my issue of abrupt safari closeouts. In fact I had to reload this forum 4 times due to the browser closing down on me. i installed a clean 10.4 os on it and it has improved other issues such as not being able to shut down the computer and some lockups, but i still have the browser issue and occasionally will get a fatal error w/ the kernel where i get info blasted and locked up on the screen.. please help! i really want to love macs!/
OS Version: 10.4.11 (Build 8S165)
Report Version: 4
Command: Safari
Path: /Applications/Safari.app/Contents/MacOS/Safari
Parent: WindowServer [86]
Version: 3.0.4 (523.12)
Build Version: 1
Project Name: WebBrowser
Source Version: 45231200
PID: 272
Thread: 0
Exception: EXC_BAD_ACCESS (0x0001)
Codes: KERN_PROTECTION_FAILURE (0x0002) at 0x00000001
Thread 0 Crashed:
0 com.apple.WebCore 0x959b29c0 WebCore:eprecatedStringData:eprecatedStringDat a[in-charge]() + 0
1 com.apple.WebCore 0x959d0bc8 WebCore:eprecatedString:eprecatedString[in-charge](WebCore:eprecatedChar const*, unsigned) + 40
2 com.apple.WebCore 0x959c2a9c WebCore::String::deprecatedString() const + 108
3 com.apple.WebCore 0x95b28098 WebCore::HitTestResult::absoluteLinkURL() const + 264
4 com.apple.WebKit 0x957cd834 -[WebElementDictionary _absoluteLinkURL] + 36
5 com.apple.WebKit 0x957cd700 -[WebElementDictionary objectForKey:] + 144
6 com.apple.Safari 0x0002cda8 0x1000 + 179624
7 com.apple.Safari 0x0002cd28 0x1000 + 179496
8 com.apple.WebKit 0x957cd608 CallDelegate(WebView*, objc_object*, objc_selector*, objc_object*, unsigned) + 296
9 com.apple.WebKit 0x957cd1d4 WebChromeClient::mouseDidMoveOverElement(WebCore:: HitTestResult const&, unsigned) + 100
10 com.apple.WebCore 0x95b23000 WebCore::EventHandler::mouseMoved(WebCore:latfor mMouseEvent const&

+ 112
11 com.apple.WebCore 0x95b22a54 WebCore::EventHandler::mouseMoved(NSEvent*) + 356
12 com.apple.WebKit 0x957bab34 -[WebHTMLView(WebPrivate) _updateMouseoverWithEvent:] + 820
13 com.apple.Foundation 0x92be6e1c _nsnote_callback + 180
14 com.apple.CoreFoundation 0x90805ec0 __CFXNotificationPost + 368
15 com.apple.CoreFoundation 0x907fdf20 _CFXNotificationPostNotification + 684
16 com.apple.Foundation 0x92bd1224 -[NSNotificationCenter postNotificationName:object:userInfo:] + 92
17 com.apple.AppKit 0x9385fb60 forwardMethod + 92
18 com.apple.AppKit 0x9385fb60 forwardMethod + 92
19 com.apple.AppKit 0x9385fb60 forwardMethod + 92
20 com.apple.AppKit 0x9385fb60 forwardMethod + 92
21 com.apple.AppKit 0x9385fb60 forwardMethod + 92
22 com.apple.AppKit 0x9385fb60 forwardMethod + 92
23 com.apple.AppKit 0x9385fb60 forwardMethod + 92
24 com.apple.AppKit 0x9385fb60 forwardMethod + 92
25 com.apple.AppKit 0x937edbf0 -[NSWindow sendEvent:] + 6424
26 com.apple.Safari 0x00030a64 0x1000 + 195172
27 com.apple.AppKit 0x93796524 -[NSApplication sendEvent:] + 4172
28 com.apple.Safari 0x000304b4 0x1000 + 193716
29 com.apple.AppKit 0x9378d960 -[NSApplication run] + 508
30 com.apple.AppKit 0x9387e458 NSApplicationMain + 452
31 com.apple.Safari 0x0009bad4 0x1000 + 633556
32 com.apple.Safari 0x000022fc 0x1000 + 4860
Thread 1:
0 libSystem.B.dylib 0x9002bfc8 semaphore_wait_signal_trap + 8
1 libSystem.B.dylib 0x90030aac pthread_cond_wait + 480
2 com.apple.WebCore 0x959afa30 WebCore::IconDatabase::syncThreadMainLoop() + 320
3 com.apple.WebCore 0x959ab928 WebCore::IconDatabase::iconDatabaseSyncThread() + 424
4 libSystem.B.dylib 0x9002b908 _pthread_body + 96
Thread 2:
0 libSystem.B.dylib 0x9000af48 mach_msg_trap + 8
1 libSystem.B.dylib 0x9000ae9c mach_msg + 60
2 com.apple.CoreFoundation 0x907de9ac __CFRunLoopRun + 832
3 com.apple.CoreFoundation 0x907de2b0 CFRunLoopRunSpecific + 268
4 com.apple.Foundation 0x92c0fb7c +[NSURLCache _diskCacheSyncLoop:] + 152
5 com.apple.Foundation 0x92be74d8 forkThreadForFunction + 108
6 libSystem.B.dylib 0x9002b908 _pthread_body + 96
Thread 3:
0 libSystem.B.dylib 0x9000af48 mach_msg_trap + 8
1 libSystem.B.dylib 0x9000ae9c mach_msg + 60
2 com.apple.CoreFoundation 0x907de9ac __CFRunLoopRun + 832
3 com.apple.CoreFoundation 0x907de2b0 CFRunLoopRunSpecific + 268
4 com.apple.Foundation 0x92c0ea3c +[NSURLConnection(NSURLConnectionInternal) _resourceLoadLoop:] + 264
5 com.apple.Foundation 0x92be74d8 forkThreadForFunction + 108
6 libSystem.B.dylib 0x9002b908 _pthread_body + 96
Thread 4:
0 libSystem.B.dylib 0x9001f48c select + 12
1 com.apple.CoreFoundation 0x907f1240 __CFSocketManager + 472
2 libSystem.B.dylib 0x9002b908 _pthread_body + 96
Thread 5:
0 libSystem.B.dylib 0x9002bfc8 semaphore_wait_signal_trap + 8
1 libSystem.B.dylib 0x90030aac pthread_cond_wait + 480
2 com.apple.Foundation 0x92bee644 -[NSConditionLock lockWhenCondition:] + 68
3 com.apple.Syndication 0x9ae0626c -[AsyncDB _run:] + 192
4 com.apple.Foundation 0x92be74d8 forkThreadForFunction + 108
5 libSystem.B.dylib 0x9002b908 _pthread_body + 96
Thread 0 crashed with PPC Thread State 64:
srr0: 0x00000000959b29c0 srr1: 0x000000000200f030 vrsave: 0x0000000000000000
cr: 0x24002444 xer: 0x0000000020000004 lr: 0x00000000959d0bc8 ctr: 0x00000000958cfcb0
r0: 0x00000000959c2a9c r1: 0x00000000bfffdb00 r2: 0x0000000000000001 r3: 0x00000000bfffdbf4
r4: 0x0000000004c644e0 r5: 0x0000000000000034 r6: 0x0000000000310031 r7: 0x000000000030002f
r8: 0x0000000000000030 r9: 0x0000000000000000 r10: 0x0000000000000060 r11: 0x00000000a59a9df0
r12: 0x00000000958cfcb0 r13: 0x0000000000000000 r14: 0x0000000000000100 r15: 0x0000000000000000
r16: 0x0000000000000000 r17: 0x0000000004bbc7d0 r18: 0x00000000004b1e90 r19: 0x000000000048f470
r20: 0x00000000a378f824 r21: 0x00000000a57ba800 r22: 0x0000000000000004 r23: 0x00000000a57aa800
r24: 0x0000000000403f70 r25: 0x000000000045afc0 r26: 0x00000000a57aa800 r27: 0x0000000000000034
r28: 0x0000000004c644e0 r29: 0x00000000bfffdbf4 r30: 0x00000000bfffdbf0 r31: 0x00000000959c2a40
Binary Images Description:
0x1000 - 0x134fff com.apple.Safari 3.0.4 (523.12) /Applications/Safari.app/Contents/MacOS/Safari
0x8fe00000 - 0x8fe52fff dyld 46.16 /usr/lib/dyld
0x90000000 - 0x901bcfff libSystem.B.dylib /usr/lib/libSystem.B.dylib
0x90214000 - 0x90219fff libmathCommon.A.dylib /usr/lib/system/libmathCommon.A.dylib
0x9021b000 - 0x90268fff com.apple.CoreText 1.0.4 (???) /System/Library/Frameworks/ApplicationServices.framework/Versions/A/Frameworks/CoreText.framework/Versions/A/CoreText
0x90293000 - 0x90344fff ATS /System/Library/Frameworks/ApplicationServices.framework/Versions/A/Frameworks/ATS.framework/Versions/A/ATS
0x90373000 - 0x9072efff com.apple.CoreGraphics 1.258.85 (???) /System/Library/Frameworks/ApplicationServices.framework/Versions/A/Frameworks/CoreGraphics.framework/Versions/A/CoreGraphics
0x907bb000 - 0x90895fff com.apple.CoreFoundation 6.4.11 (368.35) /System/Library/Frameworks/CoreFoundation.framework/Versions/A/CoreFoundation
0x908de000 - 0x908defff com.apple.CoreServices 10.4 (???) /System/Library/Frameworks/CoreServices.framework/Versions/A/CoreServices
0x908e0000 - 0x909e2fff libicucore.A.dylib /usr/lib/libicucore.A.dylib
0x90a3c000 - 0x90ac0fff libobjc.A.dylib /usr/lib/libobjc.A.dylib
0x90aea000 - 0x90b5cfff com.apple.framework.IOKit 1.4 (???) /System/Library/Frameworks/IOKit.framework/Versions/A/IOKit
0x90b72000 - 0x90b84fff libauto.dylib /usr/lib/libauto.dylib
0x90b8b000 - 0x90e62fff com.apple.CoreServices.CarbonCore 681.19 (681.21) /System/Library/Frameworks/CoreServices.framework/Versions/A/Frameworks/CarbonCore.framework/Versions/A/CarbonCore
0x90ec8000 - 0x90f48fff com.apple.CoreServices.OSServices 4.1 /System/Library/Frameworks/CoreServices.framework/Versions/A/Frameworks/OSServices.framework/Versions/A/OSServices
0x90f92000 - 0x90fd4fff com.apple.CFNetwork 4.0 (129.24) /System/Library/Frameworks/CoreServices.framework/Versions/A/Frameworks/CFNetwork.framework/Versions/A/CFNetwork
0x90fe9000 - 0x91001fff com.apple.WebServices 1.1.2 (1.1.0) /System/Library/Frameworks/CoreServices.framework/Versions/A/Frameworks/WebServicesCore.framework/Versions/A/WebServicesCore
0x91011000 - 0x91092fff com.apple.SearchKit 1.0.8 /System/Library/Frameworks/CoreServices.framework/Versions/A/Frameworks/SearchKit.framework/Versions/A/SearchKit
0x910d8000 - 0x91101fff com.apple.Metadata 10.4.4 (121.36) /System/Library/Frameworks/CoreServices.framework/Versions/A/Frameworks/Metadata.framework/Versions/A/Metadata
0x91112000 - 0x91120fff libz.1.dylib /usr/lib/libz.1.dylib
0x91123000 - 0x912defff com.apple.security 4.6 (29770) /System/Library/Frameworks/Security.framework/Versions/A/Security
0x913dd000 - 0x913e6fff com.apple.DiskArbitration 2.1.2 /System/Library/Frameworks/DiskArbitration.framework/Versions/A/DiskArbitration
0x913ed000 - 0x913f5fff libbsm.dylib /usr/lib/libbsm.dylib
0x913f9000 - 0x91421fff com.apple.SystemConfiguration 1.8.3 /System/Library/Frameworks/SystemConfiguration.framework/Versions/A/SystemConfiguration
0x91434000 - 0x9143ffff libgcc_s.1.dylib /usr/lib/libgcc_s.1.dylib
0x91444000 - 0x914bffff com.apple.audio.CoreAudio 3.0.5 /System/Library/Frameworks/CoreAudio.framework/Versions/A/CoreAudio
0x914fc000 - 0x914fcfff com.apple.ApplicationServices 10.4 (???) /System/Library/Frameworks/ApplicationServices.framework/Versions/A/ApplicationServices
0x914fe000 - 0x91536fff com.apple.AE 312.2 /System/Library/Frameworks/ApplicationServices.framework/Versions/A/Frameworks/AE.framework/Versions/A/AE
0x91551000 - 0x91623fff com.apple.ColorSync 4.4.13 /System/Library/Frameworks/ApplicationServices.framework/Versions/A/Frameworks/ColorSync.framework/Versions/A/ColorSync
0x91676000 - 0x91707fff com.apple.print.framework.PrintCore 4.6 (177.13) /System/Library/Frameworks/ApplicationServices.framework/Versions/A/Frameworks/PrintCore.framework/Versions/A/PrintCore
0x9174e000 - 0x91805fff com.apple.QD 3.10.28 (???) /System/Library/Frameworks/ApplicationServices.framework/Versions/A/Frameworks/QD.framework/Versions/A/QD
0x91842000 - 0x918a0fff com.apple.HIServices 1.5.3 (???) /System/Library/Frameworks/ApplicationServices.framework/Versions/A/Frameworks/HIServices.framework/Versions/A/HIServices
0x918cf000 - 0x918f0fff com.apple.LangAnalysis 1.6.1 /System/Library/Frameworks/ApplicationServices.framework/Versions/A/Frameworks/LangAnalysis.framework/Versions/A/LangAnalysis
0x91904000 - 0x91929fff com.apple.FindByContent 1.5 /System/Library/Frameworks/ApplicationServices.framework/Versions/A/Frameworks/FindByContent.framework/Versions/A/FindByContent
0x9193c000 - 0x9197efff com.apple.LaunchServices 183.1 /System/Library/Frameworks/ApplicationServices.framework/Versions/A/Frameworks/LaunchServices.framework/Versions/A/LaunchServices
0x9199a000 - 0x919aefff com.apple.speech.synthesis.framework 3.3 /System/Library/Frameworks/ApplicationServices.framework/Versions/A/Frameworks/SpeechSynthesis.framework/Versions/A/SpeechSynthesis
0x919bc000 - 0x91a02fff com.apple.ImageIO.framework 1.5.9 /System/Library/Frameworks/ApplicationServices.framework/Versions/A/Frameworks/ImageIO.framework/Versions/A/ImageIO
0x91a19000 - 0x91ae0fff libcrypto.0.9.7.dylib /usr/lib/libcrypto.0.9.7.dylib
0x91b2e000 - 0x91b43fff libcups.2.dylib /usr/lib/libcups.2.dylib
0x91b48000 - 0x91b66fff libJPEG.dylib /System/Library/Frameworks/ApplicationServices.framework/Versions/A/Frameworks/ImageIO.framework/Versions/A/Resources/libJPEG.dylib
0x91b6c000 - 0x91c23fff libJP2.dylib /System/Library/Frameworks/ApplicationServices.framework/Versions/A/Frameworks/ImageIO.framework/Versions/A/Resources/libJP2.dylib
0x91c72000 - 0x91c76fff libGIF.dylib /System/Library/Frameworks/ApplicationServices.framework/Versions/A/Frameworks/ImageIO.framework/Versions/A/Resources/libGIF.dylib
0x91c78000 - 0x91ce2fff libRaw.dylib /System/Library/Frameworks/ApplicationServices.framework/Versions/A/Frameworks/ImageIO.framework/Versions/A/Resources/libRaw.dylib
0x91ce7000 - 0x91d02fff libPng.dylib /System/Library/Frameworks/ApplicationServices.framework/Versions/A/Frameworks/ImageIO.framework/Versions/A/Resources/libPng.dylib
0x91d07000 - 0x91d0afff libRadiance.dylib /System/Library/Frameworks/ApplicationServices.framework/Versions/A/Frameworks/ImageIO.framework/Versions/A/Resources/libRadiance.dylib
0x91d0c000 - 0x91deafff libxml2.2.dylib /usr/lib/libxml2.2.dylib
0x91e0a000 - 0x91e48fff libTIFF.dylib /System/Library/Frameworks/ApplicationServices.framework/Versions/A/Frameworks/ImageIO.framework/Versions/A/Resources/libTIFF.dylib
0x91e4f000 - 0x91e4ffff com.apple.Accelerate 1.2.2 (Accelerate 1.2.2) /System/Library/Frameworks/Accelerate.framework/Versions/A/Accelerate
0x91e51000 - 0x91f36fff com.apple.vImage 2.4 /System/Library/Frameworks/Accelerate.framework/Versions/A/Frameworks/vImage.framework/Versions/A/vImage
0x91f3e000 - 0x91f5dfff com.apple.Accelerate.vecLib 3.2.2 (vecLib 3.2.2) /System/Library/Frameworks/Accelerate.framework/Versions/A/Frameworks/vecLib.framework/Versions/A/vecLib
0x91fc9000 - 0x92037fff libvMisc.dylib /System/Library/Frameworks/Accelerate.framework/Versions/A/Frameworks/vecLib.framework/Versions/A/libvMisc.dylib
0x92042000 - 0x920d7fff libvDSP.dylib /System/Library/Frameworks/Accelerate.framework/Versions/A/Frameworks/vecLib.framework/Versions/A/libvDSP.dylib
0x920f1000 - 0x92679fff libBLAS.dylib /System/Library/Frameworks/Accelerate.framework/Versions/A/Frameworks/vecLib.framework/Versions/A/libBLAS.dylib
0x926ac000 - 0x929d7fff libLAPACK.dylib /System/Library/Frameworks/Accelerate.framework/Versions/A/Frameworks/vecLib.framework/Versions/A/libLAPACK.dylib
0x92a07000 - 0x92af5fff libiconv.2.dylib /usr/lib/libiconv.2.dylib
0x92af8000 - 0x92b80fff com.apple.DesktopServices 1.3.7 /System/Library/PrivateFrameworks/DesktopServicesPriv.framework/Versions/A/DesktopServicesPriv
0x92bc1000 - 0x92df4fff com.apple.Foundation 6.4.12 (567.42) /System/Library/Frameworks/Foundation.framework/Versions/C/Foundation
0x92f27000 - 0x92f45fff libGL.dylib /System/Library/Frameworks/OpenGL.framework/Versions/A/Libraries/libGL.dylib
0x92f50000 - 0x92faafff libGLU.dylib /System/Library/Frameworks/OpenGL.framework/Versions/A/Libraries/libGLU.dylib
0x92fc8000 - 0x92fc8fff com.apple.Carbon 10.4 (???) /System/Library/Frameworks/Carbon.framework/Versions/A/Carbon
0x92fca000 - 0x92fdefff com.apple.ImageCapture 3.0 /System/Library/Frameworks/Carbon.framework/Versions/A/Frameworks/ImageCapture.framework/Versions/A/ImageCapture
0x92ff6000 - 0x93006fff com.apple.speech.recognition.framework 3.4 /System/Library/Frameworks/Carbon.framework/Versions/A/Frameworks/SpeechRecognition.framework/Versions/A/SpeechRecognition
0x93012000 - 0x93027fff com.apple.securityhi 2.0 (203) /System/Library/Frameworks/Carbon.framework/Versions/A/Frameworks/SecurityHI.framework/Versions/A/SecurityHI
0x93039000 - 0x930c0fff com.apple.ink.framework 101.2 (69) /System/Library/Frameworks/Carbon.framework/Versions/A/Frameworks/Ink.framework/Versions/A/Ink
0x930d4000 - 0x930dffff com.apple.help 1.0.3 (32) /System/Library/Frameworks/Carbon.framework/Versions/A/Frameworks/Help.framework/Versions/A/Help
0x930e9000 - 0x93117fff com.apple.openscripting 1.2.7 (???) /System/Library/Frameworks/Carbon.framework/Versions/A/Frameworks/OpenScripting.framework/Versions/A/OpenScripting
0x93131000 - 0x93140fff com.apple.print.framework.Print 5.2 (192.4) /System/Library/Frameworks/Carbon.framework/Versions/A/Frameworks/Print.framework/Versions/A/Print
0x9314c000 - 0x931b2fff com.apple.htmlrendering 1.1.2 /System/Library/Frameworks/Carbon.framework/Versions/A/Frameworks/HTMLRendering.framework/Versions/A/HTMLRendering
0x931e3000 - 0x93232fff com.apple.NavigationServices 3.4.4 (3.4.3) /System/Library/Frameworks/Carbon.framework/Versions/A/Frameworks/NavigationServices.framework/Versions/A/NavigationServices
0x93260000 - 0x9327dfff com.apple.audio.SoundManager 3.9 /System/Library/Frameworks/Carbon.framework/Versions/A/Frameworks/CarbonSound.framework/Versions/A/CarbonSound
0x9328f000 - 0x9329cfff com.apple.CommonPanels 1.2.2 (73) /System/Library/Frameworks/Carbon.framework/Versions/A/Frameworks/CommonPanels.framework/Versions/A/CommonPanels
0x932a5000 - 0x935b3fff com.apple.HIToolbox 1.4.10 (???) /System/Library/Frameworks/Carbon.framework/Versions/A/Frameworks/HIToolbox.framework/Versions/A/HIToolbox
0x93703000 - 0x9370ffff com.apple.opengl 1.4.7 /System/Library/Frameworks/OpenGL.framework/Versions/A/OpenGL
0x93714000 - 0x93734fff com.apple.DirectoryService.Framework 3.3 /System/Library/Frameworks/DirectoryService.framework/Versions/A/DirectoryService
0x93787000 - 0x93787fff com.apple.Cocoa 6.4 (???) /System/Library/Frameworks/Cocoa.framework/Versions/A/Cocoa
0x93789000 - 0x93dbcfff com.apple.AppKit 6.4.10 (824.48) /System/Library/Frameworks/AppKit.framework/Versions/C/AppKit
0x94149000 - 0x941bbfff com.apple.CoreData 91 (92.1) /System/Library/Frameworks/CoreData.framework/Versions/A/CoreData
0x941f4000 - 0x942b9fff com.apple.audio.toolbox.AudioToolbox 1.4.7 /System/Library/Frameworks/AudioToolbox.framework/Versions/A/AudioToolbox
0x9430c000 - 0x9430cfff com.apple.audio.units.AudioUnit 1.4 /System/Library/Frameworks/AudioUnit.framework/Versions/A/AudioUnit
0x9430e000 - 0x944cefff com.apple.QuartzCore 1.4.12 /System/Library/Frameworks/QuartzCore.framework/Versions/A/QuartzCore
0x94518000 - 0x94555fff libsqlite3.0.dylib /usr/lib/libsqlite3.0.dylib
0x9455d000 - 0x945adfff libGLImage.dylib /System/Library/Frameworks/OpenGL.framework/Versions/A/Libraries/libGLImage.dylib
0x945b6000 - 0x945cffff com.apple.CoreVideo 1.4.2 /System/Library/Frameworks/CoreVideo.framework/Versions/A/CoreVideo
0x94668000 - 0x946a0fff com.apple.vmutils 4.0.0 (85) /System/Library/PrivateFrameworks/vmutils.framework/Versions/A/vmutils
0x946e5000 - 0x94701fff com.apple.securityfoundation 2.2 (27710) /System/Library/Frameworks/SecurityFoundation.framework/Versions/A/SecurityFoundation
0x94715000 - 0x94759fff com.apple.securityinterface 2.2 (27692) /System/Library/Frameworks/SecurityInterface.framework/Versions/A/SecurityInterface
0x9477d000 - 0x9478cfff libCGATS.A.dylib /System/Library/Frameworks/ApplicationServices.framework/Versions/A/Frameworks/CoreGraphics.framework/Versions/A/Resources/libCGATS.A.dylib
0x94794000 - 0x947a1fff libCSync.A.dylib /System/Library/Frameworks/ApplicationServices.framework/Versions/A/Frameworks/CoreGraphics.framework/Versions/A/Resources/libCSync.A.dylib
0x947e7000 - 0x94800fff libRIP.A.dylib /System/Library/Frameworks/ApplicationServices.framework/Versions/A/Frameworks/CoreGraphics.framework/Versions/A/Resources/libRIP.A.dylib
0x94c22000 - 0x94c93fff libstdc++.6.dylib /usr/lib/libstdc++.6.dylib
0x94e09000 - 0x94f39fff com.apple.AddressBook.framework 4.0.6 (490) /System/Library/Frameworks/AddressBook.framework/Versions/A/AddressBook
0x94fcc000 - 0x94fdbfff com.apple.DSObjCWrappers.Framework 1.1 /System/Library/PrivateFrameworks/DSObjCWrappers.framework/Versions/A/DSObjCWrappers