Assuming the MacOS X version on the MB hard drive is newer than the version originally shipped with the MBP, yes (in other words, if the MBP shipped with 10.4.9 and your MB hard drive has 10.4.10, you're fine). If not, the MacOS X side not boot properly. You will need to update your BootCamp drivers after swapping them, but that is pretty easy.
Note that the MBP hard drive isn't nearly as easy to access as the MB hard drive, and exchanging it yourself _may_ void the warranty on your MBP.