Actually, there is one thing you do need to be aware of: if you have symlinks on any other drive to files on the drive you're renaming, and you're not renaming the drive you boot from, those symlinks will break. This said, you can only create symlinks via the Terminal (or through one of a few specialized third-party apps), so if you aren't sure whether or not you have any of these then you probably don't. The system has many symlinks deep in the bowels of /System, but it only creates symlinks to files on the same drive, and so those should be fine.
Aliases created via the Finder are not the same thing as symlinks. They do something very similar, but they don't work the same way, and so they should not break. Also, because of the way Unix works, if you're changing the name of the boot drive then symlinks to it won't break, because Unix doesn't access the boot drive by name anyway.
This is probably starting to sound strange (and it is), but a quick summary: if you're changing the name of the boot drive then there are no problems. If you're changing the name of a different drive and you have symlinks to it from the boot drive, then there may be problems.
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